Importance of Bio-briquette

Importance

Densification has aroused a great deal of interest in the developing countries all over the would lately as a technique for upgrading of the residues as energy sources. Converting biomass residues into dandified form has the following advantages.

1. Dandified fuels are easy to handle, transport and stores
2. They are uniform in size and quality
3. The process assists the reduction of fuel wood and deforestation
4. Densification increases the net calorific value per unit volume
5. Indoor air pollution is minimized

Bio-briquette

Bio-briquette are compacted pieces of organic wastes, including crop and forestry wastes which have energy values and are used for combustion energy generation. Bio-briquette is renewable source of energy. Bio-briquette are provided by briquetting or biomass densification which means the transformations of agricultural waste into valuable fuel by use of some form of mechanical procedure to reduce the volume of  vegetable matter and conversation to a solid form which is easier ro handle and store than the original material.

Required materials

The raw materials used for establishing a briquette production unit are locally available. The raw materials for biomass briquette can be

1. Agricultural residue (husks, cob, stalks, leaves, stems. Shells. Sticks etc)
2. Invasive plant (banmara, lantana camera, euphorbia royalena, congress grass)
3. Waste from bio-product industries like sawmills plywood industries, furniture’s factory, match factories etc.

Suitability

1. The technology is pollution free and eco-friendly
2. The briquette is easy to ignite
3. Sparkles
4. Continuous burning
5. Long burning duration
6. High heat value

What is biomass?

Biomass is the total quantity of living tissue oer tree, per unit of area or in a plant community such as a forest. Biomass represents the amount of organic matter present in the body of a living organism at a given time. Simply, total biological contents is called biomass

Photosynthesis is the major source of biomass; it provides 120 billion tons of biomass every year.

Historically biomass accumulated in living plants primarily trees have been the main energy source for domestic cooking, space heating, food nad mineral processing. Therefore biomass fuel used for these purpose are grouped under the class as traditional energy biomass can be directly for heating and cooling.

Sources of biomass

1. Woody biomass
2. Non woody biomass
3. The non woody animal wastes
4. Other wastes

Compost preparation methods

Composting occurs naturally everywhere. Animals die; leaves drop from trees. Overtime these organic materials break done or decompose. The rich dark soil lied materials that results after full decomposition are called compost.

Compost when applied to plants/ trees gives the required nutrients for their healthy growth. Tiny living things such as bacteria and fungi break down organic matter to form compost. Worms and other soil creatures too help in the process. As micro-organic materials into compose, they use the organic materials as food for their own growth and activity

Eventually these nutrients are returned to the soil to be used again by trees, corps and other plants. This is nature’s way of composting and recycling.

What is RETs?

RETs are defined by the renewable energy perspective plan for nwpal 2000 to 2020 B.S., an approach is as follows

The renewable energy si energy from non –exhaustive natural resources like water, biogas, solar, wind, geothermal etc and technologies that makes use of these resources are defined as renewable energy technology (RETs)

The reason for giving greater priority attention to RETs development in Nepal particularly in the last decade are to meet the growing energy requirement of rural communities for overall rural upliftment.

Application of geo-thermal energy in rural development

Application of geo-thermal energy in rural development

1. Swimming pools
2. Green house
3. Vegetable farming
4. Fish farming
5. Room heating
6. Mushroom farming
7. Bio-degradation
8. Thermoplastic
9. Gastric
10. Tourism industry
11. Space heating
12. Animal husbandry
13. Catching of fish and fermentation

Recommendation

1. Increase on awareness
2. Detail geological survey
3. Establish hotels and lodges near spring
4. Research and development
5. Build up infrastructure
6. All the renewable energy education including geo-thermal energy should be put in school to university level course

Wind energy-Disadvantages of wind energy

Wind energy

Wind energy is one of the most flexible and tractable of all energy sources, since the mechanical energy derived directly from the wind can be readily and efficiently converted to other forms of energy.

The efficiency of converting wind derived mechanical energy to heat or electrical energy is usually much higher for instance, then the efficiency of converting solar or fuel-derived heat energy to mechanical energy or electrical energy, since the mechanical or electrical energy are limited by the relatively low Carnot cycle efficiencies, which even under optimum conditions usually do not exceed 30 to 35%.

Disadvantages of wind energy

1. Disadvantages of wind energy
2. Wind energy available in dilute and fluctuating in nature
3. Unlike water energy, wind energy needs storage capacity because of its irregularity
4. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation; a large unit can be heard many kilometers away
5. Wind power systems have they involve the construction of a high tower and include also gear box, a hub and pitch changer, a generator coupling shaft etc.
6. Large areas are needed, typically, propellers 1 to 3 m in diameter, deliver power in the 30 to 300 w ranges
7. Present systems are neither maintainable free nor practically reliable.

Environmental benefits of improved water mills

1. The water used in operating the mill can be reused and it is not polluted
2. It is a water driven, non exhaust producing machine
3. It does not make a loud noise during operation
4. It is housed in a small millhouse constructed with locally available materials such as timber mud, stone thatch, bamboo etc
5. It locate near the water resource and its requirement of short and small cannel hardly requires any hill slope cutting
6. The electricity that is generated can be used to help light up the remote village households, for which purpose they would otherwise have to cut down stress
7. It increase efficiency cam improved that quality of the produces as it can grind cereals to fine particles.

Improved water mills

agro-processing is one of the important activities for the farming communities in Nepal. Manually operated, pain staking and vey low efficiency devices like dhiki and janto are the main agro processing devices used by majority of the people in rural Nepal

hydro power, in the form of traditional low power output water mill-pani ghatta, has been in use in Nepal for centuries for grinding purpose. In the mid hills of the country, these traditional water mills, located at the bank of streams and rivers, have been the part of villagers life and are used as an important source of energy. Rural households depend to a large extent on these mills for their daily life.

These rural communities frequently requires food-processing services, in the form of cereal grinding, paddy hulling, oil extraction etc. the availability and reliability of these services to a large extent determine the quality of rural lives. Adequate milling services does not only reduce the burden of carrying loads over a long distance, a task often performed by most female household members, but also stimulate and diversify local agricultural production.

It is estimate that there are more than 25000 traditional water mills in operation throughout the country. Although these traditional water mills have been part of villages for centuries due to its low efficiency, it has been able to meet the increasing processing needs and other energy requirements of the rural communities.

An improved water mill is an intermediate technology based on the principle of existing mills that improves performance as well as reliability of the mills. The improved service quality is transformed into a higher agro-processing capacity or diversified range of services

Also the improved water mill offers the opportunity to generate electricity for local lighting purpose, depending upon the flow of head availability. The technology has been tested extensively over the last two decade and proves appropriate and compatible with the rural environment.

The Improved water mill is a modified version of traditional water mill. It can change the hydropower of falling water into mechanical power. The design and constructional features of certain components of the traditional water mills are improved upon or moderately altered in order to operational efficiency as well as making it more useful with additional machine.

There are two versions of improved water mills

1. The first version is called an improved ghatta
2. The second version is called a multipurpose power unit

Environmental benefits of pico and micro hydropower

1. it helps control or retard deforestation caused by requirement of fuel wood
2. it can replace, to a large extent, kerosene, electricity, firewood and coal otherwise used for heating and cooking
3. it uses clean, freely available renewable energy for household purpose including business
4. it does not make a noise
5. it does not pollute air, water and land

Application of pico and micro hydro power

1. Rural residential lighting, information and communication
2. Industrial process like grinding milling
3. Rural agricultural processing
4. Grid connection
5. Awareness and sanitation

Micro hydro power up to 100 kw

Micro hydro power up to 100 kw

An indigenous and renewable source of energy for which the potential exists in almost the whole hindu-kush Himalayan region, which includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, china, india, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. Micro hydro are the small scale decentralized water power which is less than 100 kw but womewhere it can also be found less than 300kw

Classify

1. Very small micro hydropower up to 8 kw
2. Small micro hydropower 8 to 20 kw
3. Medium micro hydro power 20 to 50 kw
4. Large micro hydro power 50 to 100 mw

Objectives

1. Supply of electricity pre-demand of people
2. Enhance HP, development to meet energy needs required for industrial development
3. Encourage nation and international and private sector investment.
4. Conserve the environment

Importance of hydro plants

1. Cheap to run and maintain once they gave been set up
2. Save thousands of women from the drudgery o milling grain by hand
3. Generate electricity light, which improves the quality of life for people
4. Enable electric cookers to be used, which save trees and time previously spent collecting guel wood
5. Allows communication to manage their own power supplies
6. Act as a significant input for the human resource institutional and technological development
7. Promotes local participation through cash/ subsidy
8. Creates opportunities to become shareholders for local community

Hydro power palnt classification

1. Micro hydropower up to 100 kw
2. Mini hydropower 100 kw to 1000 kw
3. Small hydropower 1 mw to 10 mw
4. Medium hydropower 10 mw to 300 mw
5. Large hydropower 300 mw to above

Application of solar PV energy for income generation activities in rural areas

1. Development of small scale cottage industry
2. Development of poultry farms
3. Development of mushroom farms
4. Development of tourism industry
5. Conservation of natyral resources
6. Increase in labor efficiency
7. Implementation  of plan
8. Conflict management
9. Easy in decision making
10. Economics
11. Increase in peoples participation
12. Increase in work inductive and moral value
13. Sound decision
14. Updated to time

Importance

• Water pumping
• Email services
• Mini battery charging station
• Video camera battery charging
• Television shows
• Cordless telephone system
• Mini battery charging system
• Photocopying machine operation
• fax-machine
• Repair of radio
• Replacement of flashlight battery
• Private health clinic
• Increase in agricultural production

Solar PV energy for Rural community

Rural telecommunication services are spreading day by day through the commissioning of new public call office. Most of these PV powered PCOs are taken care of by private parties, individuals. The traffic at these PCOs is generally found to be more than expected and the need for extra PV power is often felt. Some of the PCO owners have added PV power, thus increasing the time for PCO operation. This has led to a significant increase in income of PCO owner/operators.

Solar white light emitting diode system

There is a strong need for the development of a low cost reliable lamp set for mass use in village level, which is virtually maintenance free, it has a long life cycle, consumes very less power could by powered/ recharged by any renewable source of energy and which daily serve the village level lighting needs during the activities of cooking, moving around and reading by the villagers.

While ligt emitting diode based illumination is a potential answer to this problem. There are various models of white light emitting diode lamps called tukimara. Tukimara sometimes defined as a kerosene killer. These technologies are basically tiny from layers of silicon, seeded with atoms of phosphorous or germanium or arsenic or other rare –earth elements.

Implication and advantage

1. Rural people will have and easy access to radio broadcast services
2. This is a very good example of waste to energy technology
3. Risk of firebreaks in rural areas due to kerosene lamps will back drastically reduced.
4. It helps to enhance the human development index of Nepal in the global context.
5. Increase in people’s health , education and awareness

Environmental benefits of solar thermal energy

• It controls deforestation caused by requirement of hot water
• It can replace, to a large extent, kerosene, electricity, firewood and coal otherwise used for heating water
• It  uses clean, freely available solar energy for heating eater
• It does not make a noise
• It does not pollute air, water and land
• It is environmentally friendly

SODIS technology

Benefits

1.       It removes harmful pathogens which is the main problem with drinking water in most developing societies

2.       It is a low or zero cost technology as used bottle in usually available for free

3.       The technology uses clean solar energy

4.       It is so simple and easy technology, every where everyone can do it at home

5.       Treated water by this technology can be used for up to one week if it is stored properly

6.       As this technology recycles waste plastic bottles it contributes towards sustainable waste management.

Limitations / challenges of SODIS technology

1.       It is not very effective on rainy days

2.       PET bottles may not be available everywhere particularly in remote rural areas

3.       This technology requires relatively clear water with turbidity less than 30 NTU

4.       As it has to be done is relatively small bottles, it in not sufficient useful to treat large volume of water

5.       This technology does not remove chemical contaminate in water such as iron or arsenic.

Advantage of passive solar heating and cooling

1.       Reduction of greenhouse effect

2.       A passive heating system does not need and devices or owner to operate it

3.       Installation is possible in low cost too

4.       It does not use up resources

5.       In most cases, the system can be constructed from environmentally clean materials such as earth, rocks, waste, iron etc

6.       They use energy which is free and available everywhere

7.       No problem of atmospheric pollution

8.       They help to create new agriculture activities.

Passive solar heating and cooling

Passive solar building technology aims at the maximum collection/ absorption of natural solar heat energy followed by storage and distribution without any use of the conventional energy. This technology can be finally used in heating or cooling with the help of some additional devices of the particular building/area.

It is hence vey important for regions of cold climate where energy for space heating is a major daily item of domestic energy requirement. Passive solar heating of building has been already successfully carried out in ladder of India and Peru in South America.

Solar heating can be used for space heating in order to provide adequate warmth inside house, lodge, restaurants, and other facilities in the hills and mountain. The solar space heating system can be an avtive system which requires conventional energy to operate it. Similarly it is a passive system which operates entirely on the renewable energy available in the immediate environment.

The passive heating or building through solar energy involves the integration of the system into the structure of the building itself. The system works I three ways.

1.       Collection of sun rays

2.       Storage of the heat collected and

3.       Release of the heat in a useful way

The technique that can comes under solar passive heating are

1.       Direct gain

2.       Indirect gain

3.       Isolated gain and

4.       Solarium

Advantages of solar cooker

1.       It is very simple and proven technologies and no training is needed to operate it

2.       It contributes to save energy and money by saving the use of kerosene, LPG oil, etc

3.       It saves time, as cooking does not need attending

4.       There is no open fire or smoke, and no pollution

5.       Solar cooker retains nutrition and cooked food has natural taste

6.       Solar cooker require almost no maintenance, except that for optimum performance, the reflector surface should be kept clean.

7.       Smoke free, environmental friendly design

8.       No repair and maintenance cost required

9.       Solar cookers are easy to manufacture and simple to use.

Environmental and efficiency implication of solar cooker

1.       Cooking is carried out with sunshine, hence, solar energy saves fuel wood and fossil fuel

2.       It does not pollute the air, water and land or cooking pot

3.       As solar cooking dies not need attending ot, it saves time and that van be used for other useful purposes.

Solar cooker

Sun is one such form of inexhaustible renewable energy sources that can be utilized for much purpose including cooking. It has been estimated that, Nepal has about 300 sunny days in a year, which create a great  potential for using solar energy. Solar cooking is one such activity, which can be effectively carried out with the use of efficient solar cooker is to focus or absorb solar radiation and transfer it to the heat exchange or utilize it directly.

The solar cooker types are;

1.       Box type solar cooker

2.       German parabolic solar cooker

3.       Chinese parabolic solar cooker

Solar dryer

Barrier for commercialization

1.       Absence of integrated development approach

2.       Absence of required research and development works/seminars

3.       High initial cost

4.       Poor arrangements for the marketing and financing of solar dried products

5.       Lack of awareness about its significance

6.       Poor coordination between and among the users and stakeholders

7.       Lack of monitoring and evaluation work.

Environmental and efficiency implication of solar dryer

1.       It is no way to create pollution to air, water and land

2.       It is generally kept on the roof so does not pose aesthetic disturbances

3.       It dries the food/ produce much faster than open drying in the sun

4.       Less food is list due to contamination and insects, birds etc.

Solar water heater

Challenges

1.       Lack of the awareness and knowledge

2.       Lack of subsidy

3.       Lack of the research and development

4.       Special training for plumbers not provided

5.       Lack of standard for quality  control and recommended code of practice for solar water heater

Function/application of solar water heater

The function of a solar water heater is to heat water for various daily uses during the cold months in households as well as in hotels, lodges, restaurants etc. the uses are;

1.       Washing

2.       Cooking

3.       Drying

4.       Water sir heating

5.       Green house mushroom farms

6.       Water disinfection

7.       Cleaning

8.       Shower bath

9.       Contribution towards sustainable development of mountain tourism

10.   Protection of mountain ecology and environment specially in cold regions of developing countries.

They are of two types.

1.       Active solar water heater system

2.       Passive solar water heater system

Environmental and efficiency implication of solar water heater

1.       It helps to control or retard deforestation caused by requirement of hot water

2.       It can replace, to a large extent of kerosene, electricity, firewood and coal otherwise used for heating water

3.       It uses clean, freely available solar energy for heating water

4.       It does not make a noise

5.       It does not pollute air, water or land

6.       It is no way creates pollution to air water and land

Solar thermal energy

environmentally friendly than the traditional energy traditional energy sources.

Solar thermal systems are those systems that utilize the sun’s energy to generate heat, which can then be used for a variety of usages. Solar water eaters, solar dryers and solar cookers are the most widely used applications. The system whereby solar energy is converted into heat energy, it is called solar thermal energy.

It is converted into heat energy. Solar water heaters are good examples of application of solar thermal energy.

Environmental and efficiency implication of SPV

1.       This system could provide national economic benefits as it would reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels.

2.       This systems are economically viable

3.       This systems are environmentally friendly

4.       This system use protect the ecological and environmental degradation

5.       It is a carbon dioxide free and clean energy converter.

Functions/ applications of SPV

1.       Lighting

a.       Streets

b.      Residents

c.       Lodges/hotels/restaurants/campus

d.      Public places such as school, clinics, etc

e.      Religious places

2.       Running or operating electromechanical equipment

a.       Radio and other system

b.      TV and vedio player

c.       Fans

d.      Refrigerators for conservation of medicine and food

e.      Pumps sets to supply drinking water or irrigation water

3.       Supplying electrical power to operate

a.       Poultry incubators rice mill

b.      Telecommunications equipment in remote areas

c.       Cinemas

d.      Electrical repair

Photosynthesis and Solar photovoltaic

Photosynthesis

Solar energy is converted into biomass by photosynthesis. This is the basis of all life on earth. Biomass is an extremely important part of energy consumption in poor countries, particularly for cooking food and heating buildings. In Nepal biomass energy consumption represents about 87.8% of the total national energy production.

Solar photovoltaic

Solar photovoltaic ia a technology that directly converted the radiation from the sun into electricity based on the physical process that requires no moving parts. SPV is a proven technology. It is possible to generate about 120 watts of electricity from a 10 sq.ft. area of SPV panel on a sunny day. It is reliable on different scale applications.

What is sustainable/renewable energy development?

Renewable is a key elements of sustainable, providing clean affordable and reliable energy, a valuable resource in the world’s energy portfolio. Sustainable energy is energy for promoting sustainable human development, which involves no negative health, environmental and social impacts in its production and use and which can be supplied continuously to future generation. Such energy is essential for sustainable development and to counter the potentially devastating impacts of climate change.

Renewable energy is essential for economic and social development and improved quality of life. According to the UNDP publication ‘energy after rio’, “both renewable energy and energy efficiency have to be an integral part of any future system that addresses the issues of sustainable development.”

Energy is essential to economic and social development and improved quality of life. Similarly renewable energy is a key element of sustainable rural development.

Major technologies

Five major technologies using solar energy are being developed are

1.       The heat content of solar radiation is used to provide moderate temperature heat for space comfort conditioning of buildings, moderate and high temperature heat for industrial process and high temperature heat for generating electricity

2.       Photovoltaic convert solar energy directly into electricity.

3.       Biomass technology exploits the chemical energy produced through photosynthesis to produce energy rich fuels and chemicals and to provide direct heat for many uses.

4.       Wind energy systems generate mechanical energy, primarily for conversion of electric power

5.       Finally a number of ocean energy applications are being pursued; the most advanced is ocean thermal energy conversion, which uses temperature differences between warm ocean surface water and cooler deep eater to produce electricity.

Cause for environmental pollution

1.       Global warming
2.       Acid rain
3.       Disappearance of tropical forests
4.       Loss of biodiversity
5.       Hazardous and non hazardous waste
6.       Desertification
7.       Ozone layer deletion
8.       Marine pollution

Clean development mechanism (CDM)

Clean development mechanism (CDM) is one of the three flexible mechanisms introduced by the Kyoto Protocol for Green House Gas(GHG) emission reduction. It is a cooperative mechanism established under the Kyoto protocol, has the potential to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development by promoting environmentally friendly investment from industrialized country governments and businesses.

     Industries countries involvements for CDM
1.       Buying emission reduction
2.       Investing in the project
3.       Selling the technology
4.       Provide services
5.       Support documents preparation

Especially the CDM cam contribute to sustainable rural development through some of the remarkable contribution of CDM technologies with regard to sustainable rural development can be presented as

1.       Transfer of technology and financial resources
2.       Sustainable ways of energy production
3.       Increasing energy efficiency and conservation
4.       Poverty alleviation through income and employment generation
5.       Local environmental side benefits
6.       Increase energy efficiency
7.       Transfer of technologies and financial resources
8.       Sustainable energy production
9.       Local direct and indirect environmental benefits
10.   Income and employment generation contributing to poverty alleviation
11.   Private and public sector capacity development
12.   Development and promotion of renewable energy technologies
13.   Ecological balance and conservation of bio-diversity.

Advantages of non conventional energy sources

1.       It is politically, economically and environmentally secure

2.       It takes less construction time than compared to non renewable energy plants.

3.       Environmental issues; no acid rain, greenhouse effect, no toxic  life hazards.

4.       Economically it is less costly compared to other sources

5.       Renewable energy source is reliable

6.       Since the construction and other costs are lower than compared to other forms of energy. It is affordable as well.

7.       It gives increased independence and growth without increase environmental impact

8.       Renewable systems based on solar, wind hydro and biomass energy are particularly applicable to rural communities that are not linked to national or regional utility system and that have dispersed populations, as are often found in developing countries.

9.       Renewable energy had applications around the globe, industrialized and developing nations, rich and poor, regardless of political orientation or culture- all nations can benefit from global transition to clean energy source.

10.   Salvaging convertible currency resources by substitute imported fuels

11.   Managing rural energy crisis

12.   Reducing backbreaking work of the rural population by cutting down the time required to collect and used traditional forms of energy and can also provide a cleaner cooking environment for rural women

Potential of renewable energy source in Nepal

1.       Hydropower has a potential of 83000 MW

2.       Daily annual average of solar isolation in various parts of Nepal is estimated to be between 4 to 5 KWh per square meter par day

3.   In kali gandaki between jomsom and ghusang alone a potential of 200 MW of wind power has been estimated. Its nationwide potential has yet to be estimated

4.       Potential of installing about 1 million biogas plant all over the country

5.    Similarly, there is a large potential of producing biomass energy through the adaption and development of various biomass conversion technologies.

Source of non conventional/ renewable energy

1.       Solar power

2.       Hydro electricity power (dams in river)

3.       Wind power

4.       Tidal power

5.       Ocean wave power

6.       Geothermal power (heat from deep under the ground)

7.       Ocean thermal power (the difference in heat between shallow and deep water)

8.       Biomass (burning of vegetation to stop it producing methane)

9.       Bio-fuel (producing ethanol from plant)

Non conventional energy

Non conventional energy is a synonymous terms used for the alternative energy or the renewable energy. In a broader sense the clean energy like solar, geothermal, water, wind, biomass, fuels, electricity etc. are taken as the non conventional energy.

Non conventional/ renewable energy sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed when their energy is harnessed. Renewable energy sources are distinct from fossile fuels, which must be consumed to release energy.

Human use of renewable energy requires technologies that harness natural phenomena, such as sunlight, wind, wave, eater flow, biological process such as anaerobic digestion, biological hydrogen production, and geothermal heat.

The most common definition is that renewable energy is form an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed.

Renewable energy is a subset of sustainable energy. And we similarly hope that all the non conventional energy sources will become conventional, common and every day, as they are all free, green and emit no carbon dioxide.

Conventional energy

Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy; Coal, natural gases, oil, and firewood are example conventional energy sources. We hope that all the conventional sources will become rare, endangered and extinct, as they produce lotts of carbon dioxide that adds to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. Conventional energy sources have demonstrated both extremely positive and negative consequences. These negative effect have fueled the proliferation of alternative energy sources in recent years. These traditional energy sources consist primarily of coal, natural gas and oil. They form from decaying plant and animal material over hundreds of thousands to millions of years.

Human development

Conceptually human development has two sides. One is the formation of human capabilities, such as improved health, knowledge and skills. The other is the use that people make of their acquired capabilities for productive work or leisure.

The HDI measures the average formation of human capabilities. Form it inception, the measurement of HDI has focused of three basic dimensions of development, such as a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.

These essential tasks are highly depends on energy consumption. If people consumes more and more renewable enegy then their human development index becomes lower to middle to high. Higher energy consumption means greater the HDI and Vs.  So energy is sin-quo-non of human development. The HDI of a country is depends upon the rate of per capita energy consumption.

Features of human development

1.       Means and ends

2.       Universal

3.       Man as an actor and audience

4.       Power and powerful

5.       Use of power

6.       Means and ends

Importance of energy in socio-economic development

1.       Improve access to lighting, heat and refrigeration

2.       Saving in time and effort

3.       Improved access to information

4.       Improved indoor air quality through cleaner fuel

5.       Reduced fire hazard improved quality of health service

6.       Easier establishment of health centers along with better education

7.       Improved access to lighting, allowing more time to study

8.       Saving in time and effort, releasing time and enerty to channel towards education

9.       Easier establishment and greater productivity of business that employ the poor.

10.   Creation of employment in infrastructure service delivery

11.   Improved health and education and saving in time and effort , increasing individual productivity

12.   Easier establishment and greater productivity of business in general

13.   Smaller fiscal burden and higher fiscal returns from more efficient services

14.   Higher fiscal returns associated with higher growth

15.   Resource mobilization and creation of employment opportunities

16.   Promotion of rural tourism

17.   Basis for sustainable rural development

18.   Higher labor productivity power

19.   Development of rural leadership capacity

20.   Gender equity, good governance, community participation and empowerment.

Energy

Energy is one of the basic components in the development process for providing economic and social benefits to the people. It remains an ingredient of human progress and prosperity.

 The country is facing the problem of energy crisis despite its owning huge hydropower potentials. The country’s economy does not provide enough economic bases for a large scale investment for the exploitation of hydro-potentials and for laying transmission and distribution network in rural areas.

An improve energy service increase satisfaction of basic needs, and in the process, reduce adverse effects of energy of health and environment.

Energy is directly related to the most pressing social, environmental, economic and security issues which affect sustainable development. Energy challenges should be tackled in ways such that these social, environmental, economic and security problems are ameliorated as is typically the case with conventional energy strategies, which either ignore these global problems or do not deal with them adequately.

The global goal for energy should be to make energy an instrument to help realize the broader goal of sustainable development through poverty alleviation.

Renewable

Renewable is a key element of sustainable development, providing clean, affordable and reliable energy, a valuable resource in the world’s energy portfolio.”

Problems of technology transfer

1.       Lack of management of support to implement new ideas.

2.       Lack of an organizational infrastructure

3.       Inflexible regulation, incentives and rewards

4.       Resistance to risk taking and change

5.       Technological dependence

6.       High cost

7.       Manipulate prices

8.       Outdated technologies

9.       Social tensions limited labor absorption

Or

1.       The receivers needs are misunderstood

2.       The technology is not suitable for the condition or the environment

3.       The technology is not presented appropriately; that is, the right amount of information is not given to the right people

Or

1.       Culture

2.       Language

3.       Lack of interest or perceived need , and

4.       Poor attitudes from provider and recipient toward one another

Channel/mechanism of technology transfer

1.       Commercial channel

2.       Governmental channel

3.       International organization

Besides these channels transfer of technology from the developed to the developing countries, urban to rural can takes place mainly by three mechanisms

1.  Firstly, technologies can be imported from developed countries through agreements involving onetime payment or royalty over a period of time or both.

2.     Secondly, the method of acquiring technology is through foreign direct investment

3.  Thirdly, vertical transfer of technology, which essentially involves indigenous development of such technologies through research and development and their dissemination to and diffusion into the society.